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available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a preliminary 4 db directional coupler description the x3c 25p1 - 0 4 s is a low profile, high performance 4 db directional coupler in a new easy to use, manufacturing friendly surface mount package. it is designed for dc, wcdma, lte and pcs applications. the x3c 25p1 - 0 4 s is designed particularly for non - binary split and combine in high power amplifiers, e.g. used along with a 3db to get a 3 - way, plus other signal distribution applications where low insertion loss is required. it can be used in high power applications up t o 70 watts. parts have been subjected to rigorous qualification testing and they are manufactured using materials with coefficients of thermal expansion (cte) compatible with common substrates such as fr4, g - 10, rf - 35, ro4003 and polyimide. produced with 6 of 6 rohs compliant tin immersion finish electrical specifications ** features: ? 2300 - 2700 mhz ? dcs, pcs , wcdma and lte ? high power ? very low loss ? tight coupling ? high directivity ? production friendly ? tape and reel ? lead free frequency mean coupling ins ertion loss vswr phase balance mhz db db max max : 1 degrees 2300 - 2700 4.0 0.3 0.18 1.22 90 ? 4.0 2300 - 2400 4.0 0.2 0.14 1.15 90 ? 4.0 2630 - 2655 4.0 0.2 0.17 1.15 90 ? 4.0 directivity frequency sensitivity power ? jc operating temp. db mi n db max avg. cw watts o c/watt o c 20 0.25 60 39 - 55 to +95 23 0.05 60 39 - 55 to +95 23 0.05 60 39 - 55 to +95 **specification based on performance of unit properly installed on anaren test board 5 4147 - 000 1 . refer to specifications subject t o change without notice. refer to parameter definitions for details. mechanical outline rr -04s 25p1 cc x3c .250 .010 [6.35 0.25 ] orientation mark denotes pin 1 .200 .010 [5.08 0.25 ] denotes array row (rr) & column (cc) pin 1 pin 2 pin 3 pin 4 gnd .054 .005 [1.36 0.14 ] pin 1 pin 2 pin 3 pin 4 .020 .004 [0.51 0.10 ] .020 .004 [0.51 0.10 ] 4x .034 .004 sq [0.86 0.10 ] .170 .004 [4.32 0.10 ] .120 .004 [3.05 0.10 ] gnd dimensions are in inches [millimeters] X3C25P1-04S mechanical outline tolerances are non-cumulative
usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a directional coupler pin configuration the x3c 25p1 - 0 4 s has an orientation marker to denote pin 1. once port one has been identified the other ports are known auto matically. please see the chart below for clarification: pin 1 pin 2 pin 3 pin 4 input isolated direct coupled isolated input coupled direct direct coupled input isolated coupled direct isolated input note: the direct p ort has a dc connection to the input port and the coupled port has a dc connection to the isolated port.
available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a preliminary i nsertion loss and power derating curves i nsertion loss derating: the insertion loss, at a given frequency, of a group of couplers is measured at 25 ? c and then averaged. the measurements are performed under small signal conditions (i.e. using a vector network analyzer). the process is repeated at 9 5 ? c and 150 ? c. a best - fit line for the measured data is computed and then plotted from - 55 ? c to 150 ? c. power derating: the power handling and corresponding power derating plots are a function of the thermal resistance, mounting surface temperature (base plate temperature), maximum continu ous operating temperature of the coupler, and the thermal insertion loss. the thermal insertion loss is defined in the power handling section of the data sheet. as the mounting interface temperature approaches the maximum continuous operating temperatu re, the power handling decreases to zero. if mounting temperature is greater than 95 ? c, xinger coupler will perform reliably as long as the input power is derated to the curve above.
usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a typical performance ( - 55c, 25c and 95c ): 2300 - 2700 mhz 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 frequency (mhz) return loss (db) return loss for X3C25P1-04S (feeding port 1) -55oc 25oc 95oc 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 frequency (mhz) return loss (db) return loss for X3C25P1-04S (feeding port 2) -55oc 25oc 95oc 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 frequency (mhz) return loss (db) return loss for X3C25P1-04S (feeding port 3) -55oc 25oc 95oc 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 frequency (mhz) return loss (db) return loss for X3C25P1-04S (feeding port 4) -55oc 25oc 95oc
available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a preliminary typical performance ( - 55c, 25c and 95c ): 2300 - 2700 mhz 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 -4.4 -4.2 -4 -3.8 -3.6 frequency (mhz) coupling (db) coupling for X3C25P1-04S (feeding port 1) -55oc 25oc 95oc 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 frequency (mhz) directivity (db) directivity for X3C25P1-04S (feeding port 1) -55oc 25oc 95oc 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 -0.2 -0.18 -0.16 -0.14 -0.12 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 frequency (mhz) insertion loss (db) insertion loss for X3C25P1-04S (feeding port 1) -55oc 25oc 95oc 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 -4 -2 0 2 4 frequency (mhz) phase balance (deg) phase balance for X3C25P1-04S (feeding port 1) -55oc 25oc 95oc
usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a d efinition of measured specifications parameter definition mathematical representation vswr (voltage standing wave ratio) the impedance match of the coupler to a 50 ? system. a vswr of 1:1 is optimal. vswr = vmax = voltage maxima of a standing wave vmin = voltage minima of a standing wave return loss the impedance match of the coupler to a 50 ? system. return loss is an alternate means to express vswr. return loss (db)= 20log mean coupling at a given freque ncy ( ? n ), coupling is the input power divided by the power at the coupled port. mean coupling is the average value of the coupling values in the band. n is the number of frequencies in the band. coupling (db) = mean coupling (db ) = insertion loss the input power divided by the sum of the power at the two output ports. 10log directivity the power at the coupled port divided by the power at the isolated port. 10log phase balance the difference in phase angle between the two output ports. phase at coupled port C phase at direct port frequency sensitivity the decibel difference between the maximum in band coupling value and the mean coupling, and the decibel difference between the minimum in band coupling value and the mean coupling. max coupling (db) C mean coupling (db) and min coupling (db) C mean coupling (db) min max v v 1 - vswr 1 vswr ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ) ( ) ( log 10 ) ( n cpl n in n p p c ? ? ? n c n n n ? ? 1 ) ( ? direct cpl in p p p ? iso cpl p p
available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a preliminary notes on rf testing and circuit layout the x3c 25p1 - 0 4 s surface mount coupl ers require the use of a test fixture for verification of rf performance. this test fixture is designed to evaluate the coupler in the same environment that is recommended for installation. enclosed inside the test fixture, is a circuit board that is fabri cated using the recommended footprint. the part being tested is placed into the test fixture and pressure is applied to the top of the device using a pneumatic piston. a four port vector network analyzer is connected to the fixture and is used to measure t he s - parameters of the part. worst case values for each parameter are found and compared to the specification. these worst case values are reported to the test equipment operator along with a pass or fail flag. see the illustrations below. 3 db , 4db and 5db test board test board in fixture test station test board
usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a the effects of the test fixture on the measured data must be minimized in order to accurately determine the performance of the device under test. if the line impedance is anything other than 50 ? and/or there is a discontinuity at the microstrip to sma int erface, there will be errors in the data for the device under test. the test environment can never be perfect, but the procedure used to build and evaluate the test boards (outlined below) demonstrates an attempt to minimize the errors associated with te sting these devices. the lower the signal level that is being measured, the more impact the fixture errors will have on the data. parameters such as return loss and isolation/directivity, which are specified as low as 27db and typically measure at much low er levels, will present the greatest measurement challenge. the test fixture errors introduce an uncertainty to the measured data. fixture errors can make the performance of the device under test look better or worse than it actually is. for example, if a device has a known return loss of 30db and a discontinuity with a magnitude of C 35db is introduced into the measurement path, the new measured return loss data could read anywhere between C 26db and C 37db. this same discontinuity could introduce an inserti on phase error of up to 1 ? . there are different techniques used throughout the industry to minimize the affects of the test fixture on the measurement data. anaren uses the following design and de - embedding criteria: ? test boards have been designed and pa rameters specified to provide trace impedances of 50 ? 1 ? . furthermore, discontinuities at the sma to microstrip interface are required to be less than C 35db and insertion phase errors (due to differences in the connector interface discontinuities and the e lectrical line length) should be less than ? 0.50 ? from the median value of the four paths. ? a thru circuit board is built. this is a two port, microstrip board that uses the same sma to microstrip interface and has the same total length (insertion phase) as the actual test board. the thru board must meet the same stringent requirements as the test board. the insertion loss and insertion phase of the thru board are measured and stored. this data is used to completely de - embed the device under test from the test fixture. the de - embedded data is available in s - parameter form on the anaren website (www.anaren.com). note : the s - parameter files that are available on the anaren.com website include data for frequencies that are outside of the specified band . it is important to note that the test fixture is designed for optimum performance through 2.3ghz. some degradation in the test fixture performance will occur above this frequency and connector interface discontinuities of C 25db or more can be expected. t his larger discontinuity will affect the data at frequencies above 2.3ghz. circuit board layout the dimensions for the anaren test board are shown below. the test board is printed on rogers ro4003 material that is 0.032 thick. consider the case when a d ifferent material is used. first, the pad size must remain the same to accommodate the part. but, if the material thickness or dielectric constant (or both) changes, the reactance at the interface to the coupler will also change. second, the linewidth requ ired for 50 ? will be different and this will introduce a step in the line at the pad where the coupler interfaces with the printed microstrip trace. both of these conditions will affect the performance of the part. to achieve the specified performance, ser ious attention must be given to the design and layout of the circuit environment in which this component will be used. if a different circuit board material is used, an attempt should be made to achieve the same interface pad reactance that is present on the anaren ro4003 test board. when thinner circuit board material is used, the ground plane will be closer to the pad yielding more capacitance for the same size interface pad. the same is true if the dielectric constant of the circuit board material is hi gher than is used on the anaren test board. in both of these cases, narrowing the line before the interface pad will introduce a series inductance, which, when properly tuned, will compensate for the extra capacitive reactance. if a thicker circuit board o r one with a lower dielectric constant is used,
available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a preliminary the interface pad will have less capacitive reactance than the anaren test board. in this case, a wider section of line before the interface pad (or a larger interface pad) will introduce a shunt capacitanc e and when properly tuned will match the performance of the anaren test board. notice that the board layout for the 3db , 4db and 5db couplers is different from that of the 10db and 20db couplers. the test board for the 3db , 4db and 5db couplers has all f our traces interfacing with the coupler at the same angle. the test board for the 10db and 20db couplers has two traces approaching at one angle and the other two traces at a different angle. the entry angle of the traces has a significant impact on the rf performance and these parts have been optimized for the layout used on the test boards shown below. 3 db , 4db and 5db test board testing sample parts supplied on anaren test boards if you have received a coupler installed on an anaren produced micros trip test board, please remember to remove the loss of the test board from the measured data. the loss is small enough that it is not of concern for return loss and isolation/directivity, but it should certainly be considered when measuring coupling and ca lculating the insertion loss of the coupler. an s - parameter file for a thru board (see description of thru board above) will be supplied upon request. as a first order approximation, one should consider the following loss estimates: frequency band avg. ins. loss of test board @ 25 ? 869 - 894 mhz ~0.064db 925 - 960 mhz ~0.068db 1805 - 1880 mhz ~0.119db 1930 - 1990 mhz ~0.126db 2110 - 2170 mhz ~0.136db the loss estimates in the table above come from room temperature measurements. it is importan t to note that the loss of the test board will change with temperature. this fact must be considered if the coupler is to be evaluated at other temperatures. (1.500) (2.000) .170 .120 .034 typ 4x .063 ?.015 thru hole 54147-0001 rev c
usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a peak power handling high - pot testing of these couplers during the qualification procedure result ed in a minimum breakdown voltage of 0.61 kv (minimum recorded value). this voltage level corresponds to a breakdown resistance capable of handling at least 12db peaks over average power levels, for very short durations. the breakdown location consistently occurred across the air interface at the coupler contact pads (see illustration below). the breakdown levels at these points will be affected by any contamination in the gap area around these pads. these areas must be kept clean for optimum performance. it is recommended that the user test for voltage breakdown under the maximum operating conditions and over worst case modulation induced power peaking. this evaluation should also include extreme environmental conditions (such as high humidity). orien tation marker a printed circular feature appears on the top surface of the coupler to designate pin 1. this orientation marker is not intended to limit the use of the symmetry that these couplers exhibit but rather to facilitate consistent placement of th ese parts into the tape and reel package. this ensures that the components are always delivered with the same orientation. refer to the table on page 2 of the data sheet for allowable pin configurations. test plan xinger iii couplers are manufactured in large panels and then separated. all parts are rf small signal tested and dc tested for shorts/opens at room temperature in the fixture described above . (see qualification flow chart section for details on the accelerated life test procedures.)
available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a preliminary power handling the average power handling (total input power) of a xinger coupler is a function of: ? internal circuit temperature. ? unit mounting interface temperature. ? unit thermal resistance ? power dissipated within the unit. all thermal calcula tions are based on the following assumptions: ? the unit has reached a steady state operating condition. ? maximum mounting interface temperature is 95 o c. ? conduction heat transfer through the mounting interface. ? no convection heat transfer. ? no radiation heat transfer. ? the material properties are constant over the operating temperature range. finite element simulations are made for each unit. the simulation results are used to calculate the unit thermal resistance. the finite element simulation requires the following inputs: ? unit material stack - up. ? material properties. ? circuit geometry. ? mounting interface temperature. ? thermal load (dissipated power). the classical definition for dissipated power is temperature delta ( ? t) divided by thermal resistance (r). the dissipated power (p dis ) can also be calculated as a function of the total input power (p in ) and the thermal insertion loss (il therm ): (1) power flow and nomenclature for an x style coupler is shown in figure 1. ) ( 10 1 10 w p r t p therm il in dis ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a figure 1 the coupler is excited at the input port with p in (watts) of power. assuming the coupler is not ideal, and that there are no radiation losses, power will exit the coupler at all four ports. symbolically written, p ou t(rl) is the power that is returned to the source because of impedance mismatch, p out(iso) is the power at the isolated port, p out(cpl) is the power at the coupled port, and p out(dc) is the power at the direct port. at anaren, insertion loss is defined as the log of the input power divided by the sum of the power at the coupled and direct ports: note: in this document, insertion loss is taken to be a positive number. in many places, insertion loss is written as a negative number. obviously, a mere si gn change equates the two quantities. (2) in terms of s - parameters, il can be computed as follows: (3) we notice that this insertion loss value includes the power lost because of return loss as well as power lost to the isolated port. for thermal calculations, we are only interested in the power lost inside the coupler. since p out(rl) is lost in the source termination and p out(iso) is lost in an extern al termination, they are not be included in the insertion loss for thermal calculations. therefore, we define a new insertion loss value solely to be used for thermal calculations: (4) pin 1 pin 4 input port coupled port direct port isolated port p in p out (rl) p out (iso) p out (cpl) p out (dc) ) db ( p p p log 10 il ) dc ( out ) cpl ( out in 10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ) db ( s s log 10 il 2 41 2 31 10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ) ( log 10 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 10 db p p p p p il rl out iso out dc out cpl out in therm ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a preliminary in terms of s - parameters, il therm can b e computed as follows: (5) the thermal resistance and power dissipated within the unit are then used to calculate the average total input power of the unit. the average total steady state input power (p in ) therefore is: (6) where the temperature delta is the circuit temperature (t circ ) minus the mounting interface temperature (t mnt ): (7) the maximum allowable circuit temperature is defined by the proper ties of the materials used to construct the unit. multiple material combinations and bonding techniques are used within the xinger iii product family to optimize rf performance. consequently the maximum allowable circuit temperature varies. please note that the circuit temperature is not a function of the xinger case (top surface) temperature. therefore, the case temperature cannot be used as a boundary condition for power handling calculations. due to the numerous board materials and mounting config urations used in specific customer configurations, it is the end users responsibility to ensure that the xinger iii coupler mounting interface temperature is maintained within the limits defined on the power derating plots for the required average power ha ndling. additionally appropriate solder composition is required to prevent reflow or fatigue failure at the rf ports. finally, reliability is improved when the mounting interface and rf port temperatures are kept to a minimum. the power - derating curve i llustrates how changes in the mounting interface temperature result in converse changes of the power handling of the coupler. ) ( log 10 2 41 2 31 2 21 2 11 10 db s s s s il therm ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ) ( 10 1 10 1 10 10 w r t p p therm therm il il dis in ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ) ( c t t t o mnt circ ? ? ?
usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a mounting in order for xinger surface mount couplers to work optimally, there must be 50? transmission lines leading to and from all of the rf ports. also, there must be a very good ground plane underneath the part to ensure proper electrical performance. if eithe r of these two conditions is not satisfied, electrical performance may not meet published specifications. overall ground is improved if a dense population of plated through holes connect the top and bottom ground layers of the pcb. this minimizes ground inductance and improves ground continuity. all of the xinger hybrid and directional couplers are constructed from ceramic filled ptfe composites which possess excellent electrical and mechanical stability having x and y thermal coefficient of expansion (ct e) of 17 - 25 ppm/ o c. when a surface mount hybrid coupler is mounted to a printed circuit board, the primary concerns are; ensuring the rf pads of the device are in contact with the circuit trace of the pcb and insuring the ground plane of neither the compo nent nor the pcb is in contact with the rf signal. mounting footprint coupler mounting process the process for assembling this component is a conventional surface mount process as shown in figure 1. this process is conducive to both low and high volume usage. figure 1: surface mounting process steps storage of components: the xinger iii products are available in either an immersion tin or tin - lead finish. commonly used storage procedures used to control oxidation should b e followed for these surface mount components. the storage temperatures should be held between 15 o c and 60 o c. substrate: depending upon the particular component, the circuit material has an x and y coefficient of thermal expansion of between 17 and 25 pp m/c. this coefficient minimizes solder joint stresses due to similar expansion rates of most commonly used board substrates such as rf35, ro4003, fr4, polyimide and g - 10 materials. mounting to hard substrates (alumina etc.) is possible depending upon op erational temperature requirements. the solder surfaces of the coupler are all copper plated with either an immersion tin or tin - lead exterior finish. solder paste: all conventional solder paste formulations will work well with anarens xinger iii surface mount components. solder paste can be applied with stencils or syringe dispensers. an example of a stenciled solder paste deposit is shown in figure 2. as shown in the figure solder paste is applied to the four rf pads and the entire ground plane underne ath the body of the part. .170 [4.32] .120 [3.05] 4x .034 [0.86] 4x 50 ? transmission line to ensure proper electrical and thermal performance there must be a ground plane with 100% solder connection underneath the part orientated as shown with text facing up. rr -04s 25p1 cc x3c dimensions are in inches [millimeters] X3C25P1-04S mounting footprint
available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a preliminary figure 2: solder paste application coupler positioning: the surface mount coupler can be placed manually or with automatic pick and place mechanisms. couplers should be placed (see figure 3 and 4) onto wet paste with comm on surface mount techniques and parameters. pick and place systems must supply adequate vacuum to hold a 0.11 gra m coupler. figure 3: component placement figure 4: mounting features example reflow: the surface mount coupler is conducive to mo st of todays conventional reflow methods. a low and high temperature thermal reflow profile are shown in figures 5 and 6, respectively. manual soldering of these components can be done with conventional surface mount non - contact hot air soldering tools. b oard pre - heating is highly recommended for these selective hot air soldering methods. manual soldering with conventional irons should be avoided.
usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a figure 5 C low temperature solder reflow thermal profile figure 6 C hi gh temperature solder reflow thermal profile
available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a preliminary qualification flow chart visual inspection n=45 mechanical inspection n=40 solderability test n=5 initial rf test n=40 solder units to test board n=20 post solder visual inspection n=20 initial rf test board mounted over temp n=20 visual inspection n=40 autom ated tt&r operation n=45 thermal shock n=40 post shock rf test n=40 moisture resistance n=40 reflow / resistance to solder heat n=20 (loose) bake units n=40 micro section n = 2 visual inspection n=40 life test n=3 final rf test n=3 rf test n = 20 (loose), n = 20 (mounted over temp) voltage breakdown n=10 visual inspection n=10 rf test n=10 micro section n = 1 loose control, n = 1 mounted control, n = 3 board mounted, n = 3 loose visual inspection n=45
usa/canada: toll free: europe: (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a application information the x3c 25 p1 - 04s is an x style 4 db coupler. port configurations are defined in the table on page 2 of th is data sheet and an example driving port 1 is shown below. the change was made to allow better placement of the termination resistors when the coupler is used in a serial splitter/combiner network. ideal coupler operation the primary application for 4 db couplers is in serial splitting and combining networks. these networks are often employed when the combining of 3 amplifiers is required. unlike corporate networks, serial networks are not limited to binary divisions (corporate networks are limited to 2 number of splits, where n is an integer). serial networks can be designed with [3, 4, 5, . .., n] splits, but have a practical limitation of about 8 splits. 2 - way splitter for doherty power amplifer hybrid coupler can be used i n doherty power amplifier to split the input power into the desired power ratio and phase delay. in above symmetrical doherty power amplifier (main and peaking amplifier delivers equal amount output power at max drive condition), 3 db hybrid split s the inpu t power in to 1:1 ratio with 90 degree phase difference. when the peak ing amplifier is off, or when peak ing amplifier is dramatically different than main amplifier due to bias, matching, difference between transistor s , the 3db hybrid coupler does not see e qually unmatched termination, the mismatch is then reflected not only to isolated port, but also shows up at input port as return loss mismatch. 4 db hybrid split s the input power in to 1: 15 ratio with 90 degree phase difference. it can be used in asymmetri cal (1: 1.5 ) doherty power amplifier architecture as splitter. the 4 db hybrid is also used in some symmetrical doherty power amplifier to compensate the gain difference between main and peak ing amplifiers. it is worth noting that 3db and 4 db hybrid react di fferently to the termination mismatch, resulting in different return loss at input port. 4 3 0.631v ? (-4db) 1 isolated port 2 1v 0.776v ? (-2.2db) n main amplifier ? ? peaking amplifier ? ? 50 ? 90 35 ? 90 input 3db/4db/5db hybrid coupler output
available on tape and reel for pick and place manufacturing. usa/canada: toll free: europe : (315) 432 - 8909 (800) 411 - 6596 +44 2392 - 232392 model x3c 25p1 - 04s rev a preliminary packaging and ordering information parts are available in reel s . packaging follows eia 481 - 2 for reels. parts are oriented in tap e and reel as shown below. minimum order quantities are 2000 per reel . direction of part feed (unloading) .079 [2.00] .157 [4.00] .069 [1.75] .217 [5.50] .472 [12.00] .315 [8.00] typ ?.059 [?1.50] .264 [6.70] .217 [5.50] .012 [0.30] .079 [2.00] dimensions are in inches [millimeters] cc rr no model b ?a ?c reel dimensions (inches [mm]) table 1 ?a 13.0 [330.0] b .945 [24.0] ?c 4.017 [102.03] ?d 0.512 [13.0]

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