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november 2009 doc id 7604 rev 3 1/20 AN1294 application note powerso-10rf: the first true rf power smd package introduction during the last years, as the size of electronic components has decreased and their reliability increased, there has been a need acro ss the board for various surface-mounted components. the powerso-10rf is not just a new package, it is a new concept in a small outline plastic package for rf power applications. such applications have a great need for surface-mount device (smd) packages but, up until now, the available bipolar technology did not allow for such types of package. the main advantages of this new rf plastic package are excellent thermal performance, high power capability, high power density and suitability for all reflow soldering methods. the purpose of this application note is to demonstrate that the powerso-10rf is the perfect solution for the new rf power ldmos products recently introduced by stmicroelectronics. www.st.com
contents AN1294 2/20 doc id 7604 rev 3 contents 1 rf power package requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 what is the powerso-10rf? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1 brief overview of the powerso-10rf technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 delivery information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1 benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2 segments and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4 ldmos in powerso-10rf/t ypical rf performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5 quality and reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6 soldering method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.1 vapor phase reflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.2 infrared heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.3 soldering paste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.3.1 applying the soldering paste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.4 placement of parts and drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.5 avoiding stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7 mounting recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8 thermal resistance and maximum po wer dissipation capability . . . . 17 9 conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 10 revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
AN1294 list of tables doc id 7604 rev 3 3/20 list of tables table 1. features and benefits of the powerso-10rf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 table 2. description of reliability tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 table 3. thermal resistance and maximum power dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 table 4. document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
list of figures AN1294 4/20 doc id 7604 rev 3 list of figures figure 1. ldmos structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 figure 2. powerso-10rf package construction (jedec mo-184 standard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 figure 3. powerso-10rf straight and formed lead versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 figure 4. pd57045s-e in powerso-10rf versus sd57045-01 in ceramic package . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 figure 5. power gain versus output power/ceramic vs. plastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 figure 6. power gain versus output power/straight leads vs. formed leads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 figure 7. recommended heat profile/reflow soldering for pso10rf lead-free. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 figure 8. powerso-10rf recommended pad layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 figure 9. powerso-10rf recommended pad layout with via holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 figure 10. mounting on copper base plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
AN1294 rf power package requirements doc id 7604 rev 3 5/20 1 rf power package requirements the most important requirement in an rf power package is a good heat dissipation capability. the package must be able to dissipate heat so that the die temperature remains below a pre-defined maximum temperature, above which damage might occur. other important features of a good rf package include low inter-electrode capacitance, low parasitic inductance, high electrical conductivity, reliability and low cost. figure 1. ldmos structure in conventional dmos or bipolar vertical tech nology, an electrical insulator (beryllium oxide or beo, which is highly toxic), is required to isolate the drain from the ground. in an ldmos structure where both the n+ source and the drain region are on the die surface with a laterally diffused low resistance p+ sinker conn ecting the source region to the p+ substrate and source terminal ( figure 1: ldmos structure on page 5 ), this insulator is no longer needed. this not only means that electrical and thermal performances are greatly improved, but also that the standard dmos ceramic package (with beo) used for 1 w and above devices can be replaced by a plastic package.
what is the powerso-10rf? AN1294 6/20 doc id 7604 rev 3 2 what is the powerso-10rf? the powerso-10rf is an rf optimized version of powerso-10?. it is the first stmicroelectronics jedec approved high-power smd package and has already been in production for almost 10 years, mainly for products such as rectifiers, protection diodes, triacs and power transistors (bipolar, mosfets and igbts), which have already proven their reliability in automotive, telecom and computer applicatio ns where reliability standards are very high. 2.1 brief overview of th e powerso-10rf technology figure 2. powerso-10rf package construction (jedec mo-184 standard) the plastic package of a power chip has four main functions. electrical interconnection between the silic on ldmos chip and the external circuit. protection from chemica lly aggressive agents, for long-term reliability. mechanical support to the ldmos die to make handling easier. a thermally conductive path to transfer the heat generated in operat ion from the silicon ldmos die to the ambient or to the heatsink. the powerso-10rf is the result of an optimization between conflicting requirements of good thermal properties and small dimensions. its low thermal resistance is the result of a large copper heat spreader (slug) integrated into the package body, in direct contact with the silicon ldmos die. the metal frame of the device, consisting of the copper slug (cu/kfc) and the package leads is known as the leadframe (cu/cuprofor). the leadframes for a number of individual devices are manufactured in a single continuous strip to simplify handling and processing.
AN1294 what is the powerso-10rf? doc id 7604 rev 3 7/20 after the silicon ldmos wafer is cut into indivi dual dice; each die is brazed onto the copper slug using a high melting temperature (> 280 c) tin solder alloy such as pb97.5sn1ag1.5. the process used to attach the die to the slug is critical in maintaining the thermal performance of the rf power device. it must produce a uniform, void-free joint between the silicon ldmos? back metallization and the copper slug in order to avoid hot spots in the active area and, in the long run, thermal fatigue. after the die is attached, the s ilicon ldmos die is connected to the leadframe with au or al wires that are ultrasonically bonded to both t he metallization on the chip (al alloy: alsicu) and to a nickel layer on the leadframe. the diameter of the wire used is chosen according to the current to be handled using the approximated rule of about 1 mil (25 m) per amp. molding is the third step of assembly. the leadframe strips are positioned in molding cavities, which are then pressure-filled wit h liquid thermosetting epoxy, which after solidification provides a hard, reliable and cost-effective encapsulation (the molding compound is sumitomo eme 6300hv with a molding temperature of 200 c +/- 20 c). the last major process is to coat the leads wit h a low melting temperat ure thin solder alloy (tin plating: 7 m min/15 m max) to provide a "wettable" surface when the device is soldered to the printed circuit board (pcb). after singulation (separation of the leadframe stri ps into individual devices) and lead forming (bending of the leads into the required shape), the devices are marked and tested before being packed and shipped. there are two available lead versions, shown in figure 3 . formed leads for smd applications and power dissipation (pdiss.) < 15 w. straight leads for standard rf mounting on heatsink and pdiss. > 15 w. figure 3. powerso-10rf straight and formed lead versions 2.2 delivery information the powerso-10rf is delivered in a tube of 50 pieces. a bulk quantity equals 250 pieces (available for both lead versions). a tape and reel form of 600 pieces is also available.
products AN1294 8/20 doc id 7604 rev 3 3 products the powerso-10rf ldmos family of products (pdxxxxx series) combines the high linearity and improved thermal performances of stmicroelectronics? cutting edge ldmos technology with the low-cost, high-performance advantages of plastic packages. it is a perfect solution for high volume portable, mobile and base station applications for which space and cost are essential factors. 3.1 benefits balanced weight good coplanarity reliable solder joint good heat conduction junction temperature of 165 c maximum power dissipation of 150 w improved rf performances (operation >1 ghz) 3.2 segments and applications military communications (hf/vhf) vhf-uhf analog and digital pmr (portable, mobile and bts) tv band iv-v (470-860 mhz) cellular bts: is-36, is-54, is-95, gsm900, gsm1800, pcs1900, w-cdma etc. table 1. features and benefits of the powerso-10rf designed with... benefits to packag e and product benefits to customer large heat conductive slug excellent thermal performance true rf high-power smd products for pick & place assembly good solderability balanced weight + excellent lead coplanarity for optimal leads & slug contact with pcb + solder reflow quality inspection points simple automatic assembly + high reliability + easy quality control + compatible with industry-standard mounting techniques careful choice of materials + consideration of hermetic properties jedec standard peace of mind + simple sourcing + high component reliability compact dimensions coupled with high current capability ability to withstand high junction temperature + extended operating temperature range product ideally suited to adverse environments leadframe designed for low parasitic inductance improved rf performances rf broadband capability
AN1294 ldmos in powerso-10rf/typical rf performances doc id 7604 rev 3 9/20 4 ldmos in powerso-10rf/typical rf performances today ldmos transistors are used successfully in several digital applications such as cellular base stations, hdtvs, tetra applications, etc., and have already proven their advantages when compared to bipolar transistors. such advantages include: higher power gain more constant input impedance under varying drive levels better imd performances easier biasing gain control by varying the dc gate bias voltage better thermal behavior lower overall system costs moreover, ldmos products in powerso-10rf display similar or better performances than equivalent products in ceramic packages, such as power gain (similar) and thermal resistance (~10% lower). figure 4. pd57045s-e in powerso-10rf versus sd57045-01 in ceramic package figure 5. power gain versus output power/ceramic vs. plastic -e -e
ldmos in powerso-10rf/typical rf performances AN1294 10/20 doc id 7604 rev 3 note: ldmos products in powerso-10rf straight le ads display a slightly better rf power gain (up to +1.5 db) than the same products in powerso-10rf formed leads. this is mainly due to the parasitic reactanc e induced by the physical shape of the lead. however, this slight loss in gain is greatl y overcome by the smd ca pability advantages of the powerso-10rf formed leads version. figure 6. power gain versus output power/straight leads vs. formed leads -e
AN1294 quality and reliability doc id 7604 rev 3 11/20 5 quality and reliability at stmicroelectronics, before a new product and/or technology can be introduced on the market it must pass several extensive reliability tests in order to meet st?s internal stringent quality goals as well as most of the industry quality standards. powerso-10rf has successfully passed the relia bility tests described in ta bl e 2 . table 2. description of reliability tests test features purpose h.t.b biased device at elevated temperature to detect surface defects such as poor passivism, contamination t.h.b biased in presence of steam metal corrosion detection thermal shock and thermal cycles shock samples placed in liquids at high, low temperature. cycle samples in high, low ambient temperature to detect cracked die, wire bond breaking and mechanical damage to package pressure pot and pressure cooker high temperature and pressure with saturated steam to detect electrochemical and galvanic corrosion marking permanency 10 strokes with brush per mil standards to measure resistance to solvent solderability verifies the tinning process to detect poor solder joints terminal ruggedness pulls strength of the terminals to detect poor welds
soldering method AN1294 12/20 doc id 7604 rev 3 6 soldering method the key points that can affect the reliability of a so lder joint are obviously the choice of soldering method, the heating profile and the type of solder paste. this matter has been subject to many publications and its detailed discussion is beyond the scope of this report. however, some guidelines are given here which may assist the user in choosing the most appropriate soldering method. manufacturers can generally choose between two methods of soldering: vapor phase soldering or infrared heating. each has its own advantages but each creates thermal stresses in the device. before discussing the particular requirements of the powerso-10rf package, a brief overview of the main principles of each method is presented. 6.1 vapor phase reflow vapor phase reflow involves exposing the board to a perfluorocarbon vapor. the vapor condenses at the board?s surface on areas marked with a special fluorescent dye and the latent heat emanating from the process melts the solder. this provides stable heating in an oxygen-free atmosphere, a method that keeps the risk of damage to components low while guaranteeing reliable solder joints. the disadvantages of this technique are the high cost of the liquid and the effects of fluorocarbon gases on the environment. 6.2 infrared heating in infrared ovens, air or gas, such as nitrogen, is heated in a tunnel. boards are carried through the heat on a conveyor belt. components are heated through a combination of convection and radiation from the sources. the amount of heat applied to the board can be adjusted by controlling t he heat of the source panels or lamps, the speed of the conveyor belt or the rate of circulation of the air or gas. this process causes much more thermal stress to the device than the previous one, as it heats the device completely, whereas vapor phase reflow applies heat only where it is required. both infrared and vapor phase reflow soldering techniques are appropriate for soldering the powerso-10rf. infrared reflow soldering, however, is the most commonly used method. 6.3 soldering paste the choice of solder paste and the application of the right amount of paste in the correct shape are both critical for producing high yields in surface mounting. the alloy sn95.5/ag4/cu0.5 (melting point 217 c) is preferred. this alloy exhibits minimal slump and has excellent print-after-wait performance. this formula provides superior performance on a variety of surface finishes and leaves behind a clear residue. key benefits include exceptional print-to-print consistency and excellent wetting. 6.3.1 applying t he soldering paste applying the solder paste with a screening proc ess is the most widely used technique. it is performed by aligning the board below the screen, by spreading the solder paste onto the screen and by moving a squeegee (a soft rubber tool) across it to push the paste through to the board at the appropriate points.
AN1294 soldering method doc id 7604 rev 3 13/20 the screen itself consists of the screen mesh, the frame that holds the screen mesh aligned with the board, and the mask. the screen mesh is designed to hold the solder paste in place until it is squeezed through the mask by the squeegee. the screen mesh count refers to the number of openings per inch, which is selected according to the size of the solder particles in the paste used. for screen printing solder paste, the mesh count may vary from 60 to 150 and, in general, the size of the mesh opening should be chosen to be at least three times the size of the mean particle size in the solder paste. however, if the area of the openings is too large, there is a risk of the solder paste forming short-circuit bridges. the distance between the pcb and the screen mesh is called the snap-on. when the squeegee passes over the screen, the mesh is stretched down to the board and then snapped back to this distance. the snap-off has to be set correctly to avoid the print being smeared. this parameter should be specified by the screen printer manufacturer and depends on the size of the board. the squeegee hardness and angle of attack also affect the results of the screen printing. the screen and the squeegee should be restored frequently to obtain a good solder print on the board. 6.4 placement of parts and drying the surface mount components should be placed immediately after the solder paste is applied to the pcb. some misalignment is permitted because the surface tension of the molten solder will align the powerso-10rf pack age with the pad layo ut of the board. the drying step follows after placement of the components is completed. the entire application should be baked in an oven for 45 minutes at 50-80 c to evaporate the moisture content of the solder paste and to minimize flux and solvent bubbling during the reflow solder process. this reduces the risk of voids, pinholes and poor wetting. 6.5 avoiding stresses there are two main stresses to the package during soldering. the first is due to high pressure caused by trapped moisture prior to soldering. the second is caused by different thermal expansion coefficients of the materials used in the package. usually the melting point of solder exceeds the maximum rating of the device, so if the device is heated entirely to such temperatures it may be damaged. therefore, the thermal stress to which the devices are exposed must be minimized. this is generally achieved by using the appropriate solder heating profile. however, the correct soldering heating profile must be determined by experiment for each particular circuit.
soldering method AN1294 14/20 doc id 7604 rev 3 figure 7. recommended heat profile/reflow soldering for pso10rf lead-free stress caused by thermal shocks must be avoided by pre-heating the device to around 150-200 c. the temperature must then be increased to at least 30 c above the melting point of the selected solder paste and maintained long enough to allow a proper wetting and a homogeneous spread of the solder. however, under no circumstances should the device rating be exceeded (tpeak = 250 c). in case of infrared heating, black surfaces (s uch as the plastic body of the package) absorb more heat than light colored surfaces do (such as leads). the difference in temperature between the case and the leads should be less than 10 c. once soldering is completed, cooling of the device should not be forced as this will induce mechanical stress and potential failure. moreover, as the thermal resistance of th e solder joint is determ ined by the thickness of the applied solder, a thin layer of 2-4 mils, after reflow, is recommended.
AN1294 mounting recommendations doc id 7604 rev 3 15/20 7 mounting recommendations epoxy-glass pcbs are commonly used as mounting substrate for electronic applications. however, their poor conductivity (approximately 50 c/w) make them poorly suited to surface-mount power applications. some existing techniques can be applied however to considerably improve the thermal performance. the simplest way is to design a layout with a copper area of suitable dimensions on the board, and use this area as a heat spreader. measurements have been made using a 1.6 mm (60 mils) thick fr4 board with a copper layer of 35 microns. the copper area was varied from 3 to 10 cm 2 . the thermal resistance was decreased to 25 c/w for a 6 cm 2 on-board-heatsink. the maximum power dissipation capability is between 2 and 3 w. figure 8. powerso-10rf recommended pad layout to allow a higher power dissipation capability on a conventional epoxy-glass pcb, copper- filled through holes positioned under the slug can be used. several experiments were carried out with powerso-10rf formed leads and the summary is as follows. a. fr4 pcb - 1.6 mm (60 mils) thick 49 holes with a pitch of 1.8 mm and an internal diameter of 0.3 mm. pcb thermal resistance < 3.5 c/w. b. fr4 pcb - 0.5 mm (20 mils) thick 49 holes with a pitch of 1.8 mm and an internal diameter of 0.3 mm. pcb thermal resistance < 2.5 c/w. the maximum power dissipation capab ility is between 15 and 20 w.
mounting recommendations AN1294 16/20 doc id 7604 rev 3 figure 9. powerso-10rf recommended pad layout with via holes a more sophisticated solution is the use of a metal-backed board consisting of a copper (or cu alloy) base plate glued with the pcb. by using this type of board, the rf ldmos device in powerso-10rf straight-leads package can be soldered directly to the copper layer. as such, the heat generated by this device is directly transferred to the base plate and as a result the overall thermal resistance is significantly reduced. in this case, the powerso-10rf device and the external heatsink that can be connected to the copper base plate only limit the maximum power dissipation capability. therefore, this solution can be used for all applications where the power dissipation is higher than 15 w. figure 10. mounting on copper base plate
AN1294 thermal resistance and maximum power dissipation capability doc id 7604 rev 3 17/20 8 thermal resistance and maximum power dissipation capability ta bl e 3 gives the thermal resistance and the maximum allowed power dissipation for the ldmos pd5xxxx family in powerso-10rf plastic package with different mounting configurations. mounting 1: 1.6 mm fr4-pcb/6 cm2 copper area beneath the powerso-10rf. pcb-rth < 25 c/w. mounting 2: 1.6 mm fr4-pcb/49 holes (1.8 mm pitch/0.3 mm internal diameter) connected to the heatsink. pcb-rth < 3.5 c/w. mounting 3: 0.5 mm fr4-pcb/same configuration as mounting 2. pcb-rth < 2.5 c/w on heatsink: powerso-10rf soldered directly on heatsink. note: calculations are made with a maximum junction temperature of 165 c and a heatsink temperature of 70 c. table 3. thermal resistance and maximum power dissipation part number (1) 1. suffix (s) refers to powerso-10rf straight-leads version. rthj-slug (max) max pdiss. on heatsink max pdiss. mounting 1 max pdiss. mounting 2 max pdiss. mounting 3 pd54003-e (s) 1.8 c/w 52.8 w 3.5 w 17.9 w 22.1 w pd54008-e (s) 1.3 c/w 73.1 w 3.6 w 19.8 w 25.0 w pd55003-e (s) 3.0 c/w 31.7 w 3.4 w 14.6 w 17.3 w pd55008-e (s) 1.8 c/w 52.8 w 3.5 w 17.9 w 22.1 w pd55015-e (s) 1.3 c/w 73.1 w 3.6 w 19.8 w 25.0 w pd57002-e (s) 20 c/w 4.75 w 2.1 w 4.0 w 4.2 w pd57006-e (s) 5.0 c/w 19 w 3.2 w 11.2 w 12.7 w pd57018-e (s) 3.0 c/w 31.7 w 3.4 w 14.6 w 17.3 w pd57030-e (s) 1.8 c/w 52.8 w 3.5 w 17.9 w 22.1 w pd57045-e (s) 1.3 c/w 73.1 w 3.6 w 19.8 w 25.0 w
conclusion AN1294 18/20 doc id 7604 rev 3 9 conclusion the need for rf surface-mount packages wit h high power capabilities will increase dramatically as surface-mount technology becomes even more widespread. power surface- mount packages that c an house even larger die and have lower thermal resistances will become popular. the powerso-10rf, the rf optimized version of the powerso-10 (the first st package to be jedec approved) is the best solution and is the next step in stmicroelectronics? long-term strategy to reduce component costs and improve manufacturability for applications up to 2.5 ghz.
AN1294 revision history doc id 7604 rev 3 19/20 10 revision history table 4. document revision history date revision changes 02-feb-2001 2 document migration. no content change. 17-nov-2009 3 changed figure 7: recommended heat profile/reflow soldering for pso10rf lead-free on page 14 .
AN1294 20/20 doc id 7604 rev 3 please read carefully: information in this document is provided solely in connection with st products. stmicroelectronics nv and its subsidiaries (?st ?) reserve the right to make changes, corrections, modifications or improvements, to this document, and the products and services described he rein at any time, without notice. all st products are sold pursuant to st?s terms and conditions of sale. purchasers are solely responsible for the choice, selection and use of the st products and services described herein, and st as sumes no liability whatsoever relating to the choice, selection or use of the st products and services described herein. no license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted under this document. i f any part of this document refers to any third party products or services it shall not be deemed a license grant by st for the use of such third party products or services, or any intellectual property contained therein or considered as a warranty covering the use in any manner whatsoev er of such third party products or services or any intellectual property contained therein. unless otherwise set forth in st?s terms and conditions of sale st disclaims any express or implied warranty with respect to the use and/or sale of st products including without limitation implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a parti cular purpose (and their equivalents under the laws of any jurisdiction), or infringement of any patent, copyright or other intellectual property right. unless expressly approved in writing by an authorized st representative, st products are not recommended, authorized or warranted for use in milita ry, air craft, space, life saving, or life sustaining applications, nor in products or systems where failure or malfunction may result in personal injury, death, or severe property or environmental damage. st products which are not specified as "automotive grade" may only be used in automotive applications at user?s own risk. resale of st products with provisions different from the statements and/or technical features set forth in this document shall immediately void any warranty granted by st for the st product or service described herein and shall not create or extend in any manner whatsoev er, any liability of st. st and the st logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of st in various countries. information in this document supersedes and replaces all information previously supplied. the st logo is a registered trademark of stmicroelectronics. all other names are the property of their respective owners. ? 2009 stmicroelectronics - all rights reserved stmicroelectronics group of companies australia - belgium - brazil - canada - china - czech republic - finland - france - germany - hong kong - india - israel - ital y - japan - malaysia - malta - morocco - philippines - singapore - spain - sweden - switzerland - united kingdom - united states of america www.st.com

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