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ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
AK4524
24Bit 96kHz Audio CODEC
GENERAL DESCRIPTION The AK4524 is a high performance 24bit CODEC for the 96kHz recording system. The ADC has an Enhanced Dual Bit architecture with wide dynamic range. The DAC uses the new developed Advanced Multi Bit architecture and achieves low outband noise and high jitter tolerance by use of SCF (switched capacitor filter) techniques. The AK4524 has an input PGA and is well-suited MD, DVTR system and musical instruments. FEATURES * 24bit 2ch ADC - 64x Oversampling - Single-End Inputs - S/(N+D): 90dB - Dynamic Range, S/N: 100dB - Digital HPF for offset cancellation - Input PGA with +18dB gain & 0.5dB step - Input DATT with -72dB att - I/F format: MSB justified or I2S * 24bit 2ch DAC - 128x Oversampling - 24bit 8 times Digital Filter Ripple: 0.005dB, Attenuation: 75dB - SCF - Differential Outputs - S/(N+D): 94dB - Dynamic Range, S/N: 110dB - De-emphasis for 32kHz, 44.1kHz, 48kHz sampling - Output DATT with -72dB att - Soft Mute - I/F format: MSB justified, LSB justified or I2S * High Jitter Tolerance * 3-wire Serial Interface for Volume Control * Master Clock - X'tal Oscillating Circuit - 256fs/384fs/512fs/768fs/1024fs * Master Mode/Slave Mode * 5V operation * 3V Power Supply Pin for 3V I/F * Small 28pin VSOP package
M0050-E-03 -1-
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Block Diagram
VD VT DGND PD LRCK BICK SDTO SDTI M/ S
AINL
ADC AINR VCOM AOUTL+ AOUTLAOUTR+ AOUTRVREF VA AGND Control Register I/F
HPF DATT Audio I/F Controller
DAC
DATT SMUTE
Clock Gen. & Divider
CS
CCLK
CDTI
CIF
CLKO XTO
XTI
XTALE
Block Diagram
M0050-E-03 -2-
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Ordering Guide
AK4524VF AKD4524 -20 +85C Evaluation Board 28pin VSOP (0.65mm pitch)
Pin Layout
VCOM AINR AINL VREF AGND VA (Internal pull down) TEST XTO XTI XTALE LRCK BICK SDTO SDTI
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
28 27 26 25
AOUTR+ AOUTRAOUTL+ AOUTLDGND VD VT CLKO M/ S PD CIF CS CCLK CDTI
AK4524
24 23
Top View
22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
M0050-E-03 -3-
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
PIN/FUNCTION
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Pin Name VCOM AINR AINL VREF AGND VA TEST XTO XTI XTALE LRCK BICK SDTO SDTI CDTI CCLK CS CIF PD M/ S CLKO VT VD DGND AOUTL- AOUTL+ AOUTR- AOUTR+ I/O O I I I I O I I I/O I/O O I I I I I I I O O O O O Function Common Voltage Output Pin, VA/2 Bias voltage of ADC inputs and DAC outputs. Rch Analog Input Pin Lch Analog Input Pin Voltage Reference Input Pin, VA Used as a voltage reference by ADC & DAC. VREF is connected externally to filtered VA. Analog Ground Pin Analog Power Supply Pin, 4.75 5.25V Test Pin (Internal pull-down pin) X'tal Output Pin X'tal/Master Clock Input Pin X'tal Osc Enable Pin "H": Enable, "L": Disable Input/Output Channel Clock Pin Audio Serial Data Clock Pin Audio Serial Data Output Pin Audio Serial Data Input Pin Control Data Input Pin Control Data Clock Pin Chip Select Pin Control Data I/F Format Pin "H": CS falling trigger, "L": CS rising trigger Power-Down Mode Pin "H": Power up, "L": Power down, reset and initialize the control register. Master/Slave Mode Pin "H": Master mode, "L": Slave mode Master Clock Output Pin Output Buffer Power Supply Pin, 2.7 5.25V Digital Power Supply Pin, 4.75 5.25V Digital Ground Pin Lch Negative Analog Output Pin Lch Positive Analog Output Pin Rch Negative Analog Output Pin Rch Positive Analog Output Pin
Note: All input pins except pull-down pins should not be left floating.
M0050-E-03 -4-
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (AGND, DGND=0V; Note 1) Parameter Symbol min VA Analog Power Supplies: -0.3 VD Digital -0.3 VT Output Buffer -0.3 VDA VD-VA Input Current, Any Pin Except Supplies IIN Analog Input Voltage VINA -0.3 Digital Input Voltage VIND -0.3 Ambient Temperature (powered applied) Ta -20 Storage Temperature Tstg -65
Note: 1. All voltages with respect to ground.
max 6.0 6.0 6.0 0.3 10 VA+0.3 VA+0.3 85 150
Units V V V V mA V V C C
WARNING: Operation at or beyond these limits may result in permanent damage to the device. Normal operation is not guaranteed at these extremes.
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS (AGND, DGND=0V; Note 1) Parameter Symbol min typ Power Supplies Analog VA 4.75 5.0 (Note 2) Digital VD 4.75 5.0 Output Buffer VT 2.7 3.0 Voltage Reference VREF 3.0 -
max 5.25 VA VD VA
Units V V V V
Note: 1. All voltages with respect to ground. 2. VA and VD should be powered at the same time or VA should be powered earlier than VD. The power up sequence between VA and VT, or VD and VT is not critical. *AKM assumes no responsibility for the usage beyond the conditions in this datasheet.
M0050-E-03 -5-
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
ANALOG CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25C; VA, VD, VT=5.0V; AGND=DGND=0V; VREF=VA; fs=44.1kHz; Signal Frequency=1kHz; 24bit Data; Measurement frequency = 10Hz 20kHz at fs=44.1kHz, 10Hz 40kHz at fs=96kHz; unless otherwise specified) Parameter min typ max Units Input PGA Characteristics: Input Voltage (Note 3) 2.7 2.9 3.1 Vpp Input Resistance 5 10 15 k Step Size 0.2 0.5 0.8 dB Gain Control Range 0 18 dB ADC Analog Input Characteristics: IPGA=0dB Resolution 24 Bits S/(N+D) (-0.5dBFS) fs=44.1kHz 84 90 dB fs=96kHz 80 88 dB DR (-60dBFS) fs=44.1kHz, A-weighted 94 100 dB fs=96kHz 88 96 dB S/N fs=44.1kHz, A-weighted 94 100 dB fs=96kHz 88 96 dB Interchannel Isolation 90 105 dB Interchannel Gain Mismatch 0.2 0.5 dB Gain Drift 20 ppm/C Power Supply Rejection (Note 4) 50 dB DAC Analog Output Characteristics: Resolution 24 Bits S/(N+D) (0dBFS) 88 94 dB fs=44.1kHz fs=96kHz 85 93 dB DR (-60dBFS) 104 110 dB fs=44.1kHz, A-weighted fs=96kHz 96 104 dB S/N 104 110 dB fs=44.1kHz, A-weighted fs=96kHz 96 104 dB Interchannel Isolation 100 110 dB Interchannel Gain Mismatch 0.2 0.5 dB Gain Drift 20 ppm/C Output Voltage (Note 5) 5.0 5.4 5.8 Vpp Load Resistance (In case of AC load) 1 k Output Current (In case of AC load) 1.5 mA Load Capacitance 25 pF
Note: 3. Full scale (0dB) of the input voltage at PGA=0dB. This voltage is proportional to VREF. Vin=0.58 x VREF. 4. PSR is applied to VA, VD, VT with 1kHz, 50mVpp. VREF pin is held a constant voltage. 5. Full scale (0dB) of the output voltage when summing the differential outputs, AOUT+/- by unity gain. This voltage is proportional to VREF. Vout=1.08 x VREF x Gain.
M0050-E-03 -6-
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Parameter Power Supplies Power Supply Current Normal Operation ( PD = "H") VA VD+VT (fs=44.1kHz) (fs=96kHz) (Note 6) Power-down mode ( PD = "L") VA VD+VT
min
typ
max
Units
30 16 24 10 10
45 24 36 100 100
mA mA mA A A
Note: 6. XTALE="L" and all digital input pins are held VD or DGND.
FILTER CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25C; VA, VD=4.75 5.25V; VT=2.7 5.25V; fs=44.1kHz; DEM=OFF) Parameter Symbol min ADC Digital Filter (Decimation LPF): PB Passband (Note 7) -0.005dB 0 -0.02dB -0.06dB -6.0dB Stopband SB 24.34 Passband Ripple PR Stopband Attenuation SA 80 Group Delay (Note 8) GD Group Delay Distortion GD ADC Digital Filter (HPF): FR Frequency Response (Note 7) -3dB -0.5dB -0.1dB DAC Digital Filter: PB 0 Passband (Note 7) -0.01dB -6.0dB Stopband SB 24.1 Passband Ripple PR Stopband Attenuation SA 75 Group Delay (Note 8) GD DAC Digital Filter + SCF: Frequency Response: FR 0 20.0kHz 40kHz (Note 9)
typ
max 19.76 0.005
Units kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz dB dB 1/fs s Hz Hz Hz
20.02 20.20 22.05
31 0 0.9 2.7 6.0 20.0 0.005 30
22.05
kHz kHz kHz dB dB 1/fs
0.2 0.3
dB dB
Note: 7. The passband and stopband frequencies scale with fs. For example, 20.02kHz at -0.02dB is 0.454 x fs. The reference frequency of these responses is 1kHz. 8. The calculating delay time which occurred by digital filtering. This time is from the input of analog signal to setting the 24bit data of both channels to the output register for ADC. For DAC, this time is from setting the 24bit data of both channels on input register to the output of analog signal. 9. fs=96kHz.
M0050-E-03 -7-
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
DIGITAL CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25C; VA, VD=4.75 5.25V; VT=2.7 5.25V) Parameter Symbol min High-Level Input Voltage VIH 2.2 Low-Level Input Voltage VIL High-Level Output Voltage (Iout=-100A) (Note 10) VOH 2.7 / VT-0.5 Low-Level Output Voltage (Iout=100A) VOL Input Leakage Current Iin Note: 10. Min value is lower voltage of 2.7V or VT-0.5V.
typ -
Max 0.8 0.5 10
Units V V V V A
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25C; VA, VD=4.75 5.25V, VT=2.7 5.25V; CL=20pF) Parameter Symbol min Master Clock Timing Crystal Resonator Frequency 11.2896 External Clock Frequency fCLK 8.192 Pulse Width Low tCLKL 0.4/fCLK Pulse Width High tCLKH 0.4/fCLK fMCK 11.2896 CLKO Output Frequency (X'tal mode) Duty Cycle dMCK 35 LRCK Frequency Normal Speed Mode (DFS0="0", DFS1="0") fsn 32 Double Speed Mode (DFS0="1", DFS1="0") fsd 64 Quad Speed Mode (DFS0="0", DFS1="1") fsq 128 Duty Cycle Slave mode 45 Master mode Audio Interface Timing Slave mode BICK Period tBCK 81 BICK Pulse Width Low tBCKL 33 Pulse Width High tBCKH 33 LRCK Edge to BICK "" (Note 11) tLRB 20 BICK "" to LRCK Edge (Note 11) tBLR 20 LRCK to SDTO (MSB) (Except I2S mode) tLRS BICK "" to SDTO tBSD SDTI Hold Time tSDH 20 SDTI Setup Time tSDS 20 Master mode BICK Frequency fBCK BICK Duty dBCK BICK "" to LRCK tMBLR -20 BICK "" to SDTO tBSD -20 SDTI Hold Time tSDH 20 SDTI Setup Time tSDS 20
Note 11. BICK rising edge must not occur at the same time as LRCK edge.
typ
max 24.576 49.152
Units MHz MHz ns ns MHz % kHz kHz kHz % %
24.576 65 48 96 192 55 50
40 40
ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Hz % ns ns ns ns
64fs 50 20 20
M0050-E-03 -8-
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Parameter Control Interface Timing CIF="0" CCLK Period CCLK Pulse Width Low Pulse Width High CDTI Setup Time CDTI Hold Time CS "H" Time CS "L" Time CS "" to CCLK "" CCLK "" to CS "" CIF="1" CCLK Period CCLK Pulse Width Low Pulse Width High CDTI Setup Time CDTI Hold Time CS "H" Time CS "L" Time CS "" to CCLK "" CCLK "" to CS "" Reset Timing PD Pulse Width (Note 12) RSTAD "" to SDTO valid (Note 13)
Symbol
min
typ
max
Units
tCCK tCCKL tCCKH tCDS tCDH tCSW tCSW tCSS tCSH tCCK tCCKL tCCKH tCDS tCDH tCSW tCSW tCSS tCSH tPD tPDV
200 80 80 40 40 150 150 150 50 200 80 80 40 40 150 150 150 50 150 516
ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 1/fs
Note: 12. The AK4524 can be reset by bringing PD "L". 13. These cycles are the number of LRCK rising from RSTAD bit.
M0050-E-03 -9-
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Timing Diagram
1/fCLK VIH VIL tCLKH tCLKL
MCLK
1/fs VIH VIL
tBCK VIH VIL tBCKH tBCKL
LRCK
BICK
CLKO tH tL dMCK=tH/(tH+tL) or tL/(tH+tL)
50%VT
Clock Timing
LRCK tBLR BICK tLRS SDTO tSDS SDTI
Audio Interface Timing (Slave mode)
VIH VIL tLRB VIH VIL tBSD 50%VT tSDH VIH VIL
M0050-E-03 - 10 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
LRCK tMBLR BICK tBSD SDTO tSDS SDTI
Audio Interface Timing (Master mode)
CS(CIF=H) CS(CIF=L) tCSS CCLK tCDS CDTI C1 C0 tCDH R/W A4 tCCKL tCCKH
50%VT
50%VT
50%VT tSDH VIH VIL
VIH VIL VIH VIL VIH VIL VIH VIL
WRITE Command Input Timing
tCSW CS(CIF=H) CS(CIF=L) tCSH CCLK VIH VIL VIH VIL VIH VIL VIH VIL
CDTI
D3
D2
D1
D0
WRITE Data Input Timing
tPD PD
Power Down & Reset Timing
VIL
M0050-E-03 - 11 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
OPERATION OVERVIEW System Clock Input
The master clock (MCLK) can be either a crystal resonator placed across the XTI and XTO pin, or external clock input to the XTI pin with the XTO pin left floating. The master clock frequency can be selected by CMODE and CKS0-1 (Table 1). The sampling speed (normal speed mode, double speed mode or four times speed monitor mode) is selected by DFS0-1 (Table 2). The ADC is powered down during four times speed monitor mode. The frequency of the master clock output (CLKO) is the same as MCLK frequency and the output can be enabled or disabled by XTALE pin. When the CLKO output is not used externally, it should be disabled. When using a crystal oscillator, external loading capacitors (between XTI/XTO and DGND) are required. In slave mode, the LRCK clock input must be synchronized with MCLK, however the phase is not critical. Internal timing is synchronized to LRCK upon power-up. All external clocks must be present unless PD ="L" or all parts are powered down by control register, otherwise excessive current may result from abnormal operation of internal dynamic logic. In master mode, the clocks should be supplied by critical oscillation except for power down or the external clock (MCLK) should not be stopped. DFS1 0 0 1 1 DFS0 0 1 0 1 Sampling Rate Monitor mode at reset
Normal speed Double speed 4 times speed (SDTO = "L") Simple decimation 4 times speed (SDTO = "L") 2 tap filter Table 1. Sampling Speed MCLK
CMODE 0 0 0 1 1
CKS1 0 0 1 0 0
CKS0 0 1 0 0 1
Normal speed (DFS1-0 = "00")
Double speed (DFS1-0 = "01")
4 times speed (DFS1-0 = "10" or "11") N/A 128fs 256fs N/A 192fs at reset
256fs N/A 512fs 256fs 1024fs 512fs 384fs N/A 768fs 384fs Table 2. Master Clock Frequency Select
M0050-E-03 - 12 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
MCLK(Normal speed) 256fs 512fs 1024fs 384fs 768fs MCLK(4 times speed) 128fs 256fs 192fs
fs=44.1kHz 11.2896MHz 22.5792MHz 45.1584MHz 16.9344MHz 33.8688MHz fs=176.4kHz 22.5792MHz 45.1584MHz 33.8688MHz
fs=48kHz 12.288MHz 24.576MHz 49.152MHz 18.432MHz 36.864MHz fs=192kHz 24.576MHz 49.152MHz 36.864MHz
MCLK(Double speed) N/A 256fs 512fs N/A 384fs
fs=88.2kHz N/A 22.5792MHz 45.1584MHz N/A 33.8688MHz
fs=96kHz N/A 24.576MHz 49.152MHz N/A 36.864MHz
Table 3. Master clock frequency * X'tal mode operates from 11.2896MHz to 24.576MHz. * The frequency over 24.576MHz supports only external clock mode.
Audio Serial Interface Format
Five serial modes selected by the DIF0 and DIF1 pins are supported as shown in Table 4. In all modes the serial data has MSB first, 2's compliment format. The SDTO is clocked out on the falling edge of BICK and the SDTI is latched on the rising edge. The interface supports both master mode and slave mode. In master mode, BICK and LRCK are outputs and the frequency of BICK is fixed to 64fs. Mode 0 1 2 3 4 DIF2 0 0 0 0 1 DIF1 0 0 1 1 0 DIF0 0 1 0 1 0 SDTO 24bit, MSB justified 24bit, MSB justified 24bit, MSB justified 24bit, IIS (I2S) 24bit, MSB justified SDTI 16bit, LSB justified 20bit, LSB justified 24bit, MSB justified 24bit, IIS (I2S) 24bit, LSB justified LRCK H/L H/L H/L L/H H/L BICK 32fs 40fs 48fs 48fs 48fs
at reset
Table 4. Audio data format
LRCK
0 1 2 3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1
BICK(32fs) SDTO(o) SDTI(i)
0
23 22 21
15 14 13 12 11 10
9
8
23 22 21
15 14 13 12 11 10
9
8
23
15 14 13
1 2 3
7
17
6
18
5
19
4
20
3
2
30
1
31
0
0
15 14 13
1 2 3
7
17
6
18
5
19
4
20
3
2
1
31
0
0
15
1
BICK(64fs) SDTO(o) SDTI(i)
23 22 21 7 6 5 4 3 23 22 21 7 6 5 4 3 23
Don't Care
15 14 13 12 11
2
1
0
Don't Care
15 14 13 12 11
2
1
0
SDTO-19:MSB, 0:LSB; SDTI-15:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data
Rch Data
Figure 1. Mode 0 Timing
M0050-E-03 - 13 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
LRCK
0 1 2 12 13 14 24 25 31 0 1 2 12 13 14 24 25 31 0 1
BICK(64fs) SDTO(o) SDTI(i)
23 22 12 11 10 0 23 22 12 11 10 0 23
Don't Care
19 18
8
7
1
0
Don't Care
19 18
8
7
1
0
SDTO-23:MSB, 0:LSB; SDTI-19:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data
Rch Data
Figure 2. Mode 1 Timing
LRCK
0 1 2 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0 1 2 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0 1
BICK(64fs) SDTO(o) SDTI(i)
23 22 5 4 3 2 1 0 23 22 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 Don't Care 23
23 22
5
4
3
2
1
0
Don't Care 23 22
5
4
3
2
1
23:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data Rch Data
Figure 3. Mode 2 Timing
LRCK
0 1 2 3 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0 1 2 3 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0 1
BICK(64fs) SDTO(o) SDTI(i)
23 22 5 4 3 2 1 0 23 22 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 Don't Care
23 22
5
4
3
2
1
0
Don't Care 23 22
5
4
3
2
1
23:MSB, 0:LSB Lch Data Rch Data
Figure 4. Mode 3 Timing
LRCK
0 1 2 8 9 10 20 21 31 0 1 2 8 9 10 20 21 31 0 1
BICK(64fs) SDTO(o) SDTI(i)
23 22 16 15 14 0 23 22 16 15 14 0 23
Don't Care 23:MSB, 0:LSB
23 22
12 11
1
0
Don't Care
23 22
12 11
1
0
Lch Data
Rch Data
Figure 5. Mode 4 Timing
M0050-E-03 - 14 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Input Volume
The AK4524 includes two channel independent analog volumes (IPGA) with 37 levels, 0.5dB step in front of ADC and digital volumes (IATT) with 128 levels (including MUTE) after ADC. The control data of both volumes are assigned in the same register address. When MSB of the register is "1", the IPGA changes and the IATT changes at MSB "0". The IPGA is analog volumes and improves S/N compared with digital volume (Table 5). Level changes only occur during zero-crossings to minimize switching noise. Zero-crossing detection is performed channel independently. If there is no zero-crossings, then the level will change after a time-out. The time-out period (To) scales with fs. The periods of 256/fs, 512/fs, 1024/fs and 2048/fs are selectable by ZTM1-0 bits in normal speed mode. If new value is written to the IPGA register before IPGA changes by zero-crossing or time-out, the previous value becomes invalid. And then the timer (channel independent) for time-out is reset and the timer restarts for new IPGA value. Zero-crossing detection can be enabled by ZCEI in the control register. The IATT is a pseudo-log volume linear-interpolated internally. When changing the level, the transition between ATT values has 8032 levels and is done by soft changes. Therefore, there is not any switching noise. Input Gain Setting 0dB +6dB fs=44.1kHz, A-weight 100dB 98dB Table 5. IPGA+ADC S/N ZTM1 0 0 1 1
+18dB 90dB
ZTM0 Normal speed Double speed 0 256 512 1 512 1024 0 1024 2048 1 2048 4096 Table 6. LRCK cycles for timeout period
at reset
Digital High Pass Filter
The ADC has a digital high pass filter for DC offset cancel. The cut-off frequency of the HPF is 0.9Hz at fs=44.1kHz and also scales with sampling rate (fs).
Output Volume
The Ak4524 includes digital volumes (OATT) with 128 levels (including MUTE) which have the same architecture as IATT's in front of DAC. T he OATT is a pseudo-log volume linear-interpolated internally. When changing the level, the transition between ATT values has 8032 levels and is done by soft changes. Therefore, there is not any switching noise.
M0050-E-03 - 15 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
De-emphasis Filter
The DAC includes the digital de-emphasis filter (tc=50/15s) by IIR filter. This filter corresponds to three frequencies (32kHz, 44.1kHz, 48kHz). This setting is done via contorl register. This filter is always OFF at double speed and four times speed modes. No 0 1 2 3 DEM1 DEM0 Mode 0 0 44.1kHz at reset 0 1 OFF 1 0 48kHz 1 1 32kHz Table 7. De-emphasis control (DFS0=DFS1="0")
Soft Mute Operation
Soft mute operation is performed at digital domain. When SMUTE goes "H", the output signal is attenuated by - during 1024 LRCK cycles. When SMUTE is returned to "L", the mute is cancelled and the output attenuation gradually changes to 0dB during 1024 LRCK cycles. If the soft mute is cancelled within 1024 LRCK cycles after starting the operation, the attenuation is discontinued and returned to 0dB. The soft mute is effective for changing the signal source without stopping the signal transmission. Soft mute function is independent to output volume and cascade connected between both functions.
SM U T E 1024/fs 0dB Attenuation (1) (3) 1024/fs
-
GD (2) GD
Figure 6. Soft Mute Notes: (1) The output signal is attenuated by - during 1024 LRCK cycles (1024/fs). (2) Analog output corresponding to digital input has the group delay (GD). (3) If the soft mute is cancelled within 1024 LRCK cycles, the attenuation is discontinued and returned to 0dB.
M0050-E-03 - 16 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Power Down & Reset
The ADC and DAC of AK4524 are placed in the power-down mode by bringing a power down pin, PD "L" and each digital filter is also reset at the same time. The internal register values are initialized by PD "L". This reset should always be done after power-up. And then as both control registers of ADC and DAC go reset state (RSTAD=RSTDA="0"), each register sholud be cancelled after doing the needed setting. In case of the ADC, an analog initialization cycle starts after exiting the power-down or reset state. Therefore, the output data, SDTO becomes available after 516 cycles of LRCK clock. This initialization cycle does not affect the DAC operation. Power down mode can be also controlled by the registers (PWAD, PWDA).
Power Supply PD pin RSTAD(register) RSTDA(register) PWAD(register) PWDA(register) PWVR(register) ADC Internal State IATT SDTO DAC Internal State OATT AOUT External Mute Example External clocks in slave mode * PD PD Reset INITA 00H "0" Reset 00H "0" * 00H XXH FI 00H XXH FI Normal XXH Output Normal XXH Output * PD INITA Normal XXH Output PD 00H "0" * Normal 00H XXH FI XXH
00H 00H XXH "0" FI
MCLK, LRCK, BICK The clocks can be stopped.
* INITA: * PD: * XXH: * FI: * AOUT:
Initializing period of ADC analog section (516/fs). Power down state. The contents of all registers are hold. The current value in ATT register. Fade in. After exiting power down and reset state, ATT value fades in. Some pop noise may occur at "*". Figure 7. Reset & Power down sequence
M0050-E-03 - 17 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Relationship between Clock Operation and Power-Down
XTALE pin controls the clock outputs. The operation in slave mode is shown Table 8. Table 9 shows the master mode operation. When a crystal oscillator is used, XTALE pin is set to "H". XTALE pin should be "L" at external clock mode. Slave Mode XTAL mode XTALE=L PD =H Inhibit PD =L Inhibit XTALE=H PD =H Normal operation XTAL = Oscillation CLKO = Output LRCK = Input BICK = Input Inhibit PD =L Power down XTAL = Oscillation CLKO = Output LRCK = Input BICK = Input Inhibit
EXT Clock mode
Normal operation XTI = MCLK in XTO = L CLKO = L LRCK = Input BICK = Input
Shut off XTI = MCLK in XTO = L CLKO = L LRCK = Input BICK = Input
Table 8. Clock operation at slave mode (M/ S = L) XTALE=L PD =H Inhibit PD =L Inhibit XTALE=H PD =H Normal operation XTAL = Oscillation CLKO = Output LRCK = Output BICK = Output Inhibit PD =L Power down XTAL = Oscillation CLKO = Output LRCK = H BICK = L Inhibit
Master Mode XTAL mode
EXT Clock mode
Normal operation XTI = MCLK in XTO = L CLKO = L LRCK = Output BICK = Output
Shut off XTI = MCLK in XTO = L CLKO = L LRCK = H BICK = L
Table 9. Clock operation at master mode (M/ S = H)
M0050-E-03 - 18 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Serial Control Interface
The internal registers are written by the 3-wire P interface pins: CS, CCLK, CDTI. The data on this interface consists of Chip address (2bits, C0/1) Read/Write (1bit), Register address (MSB first, 5bits) and Control data (MSB first, 8bits). Address and data is clocked in on the rising edge of CCLK. Data is latched after the 16th rising edge of CCLK, after a high-to-low transition of CS. The operation of the control serial port may be completely asynchronous with the audio sample rate. The maximum clock speed of the CCLK is 5MHz. The CS should be "H" or "L" if no access. The chip address is fixed to "10". Writing is invalid for the access to the chip address except for "10". PD = "L" resets the registers to their default values.
CS (CIF=1) CS (CIF=0)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
CCLK CDTI
C1 C0 R/W A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
C1-C0: R/W: A4-A0: D7-D0:
Chip Address (Fixed to "10") READ/WRITE (Fixed to "1":WRITE) Register Address Control data
Figure 8. Control I/F Timing
* READ command is not supported.
Register Map
Addr 00H 01H 02H 03H 04H 05H 06H 07H Register Name Power Down Control Reset Control Clock and Format Control Deem and Volume Control Lch IPGA Control Rch IPGA Control Lch ATT Control Rch ATT Control D7 0 0 DIF2 SMUTE IPGL7 IPGR7 0 0 D6 0 0 DIF1 0 IPGL6 IPGR6 ATTL6 ATTR6 D5 0 0 DIF0 0 IPGL5 IPGR5 ATTL5 ATTR5 D4 0 0 CMODE ZCEI IPGL4 IPGR4 ATTL4 ATTR4 D3 0 0 CKS1 ZTM1 IPGL3 IPGR3 ATTL3 ATTR3 D2 PWVR 0 CKS0 ZTM0 IPGL2 IPGR2 ATTL2 ATTR2 D1 PWAD RSTAD DFS1 DEM1 IPGL1 IPGR1 ATTL1 ATTR1 D0 PEDA RSTDA DFS0 DEM0 IPGL0 IPGR0 ATTL0 ATTR0
Note: For addresses from 08H to 1FH, data is not written. PD = "L" resets the registers to their default values.
M0050-E-03 - 19 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Control Register Setup Sequence
When PD pin goes "L" to "H" upon power-up etc., the AK4524 should operate by the next sequence. In this case, all control registers are set to initial values and the AK4524 is in the reset state. (1) Set the clock mode and the audio data interface mode. (2) Cancel the reset state by setting RSTAD or RSTDA to "1". Refer to Reset Contorl Register (01H). (3) ADC outputs and DAC outputs should be muted externally until cancelling each reset state. In master mode, there is a possibility the frequency and duty of LRCK and BICK outputs become an abnormal state. The clock mode should be changed after setting RSTAD and RSTDA to "0". At that time, ADC outputs and DAC outputs should be muted externally. In master mode, there is a possibility the frequency and duty of LRCK and BICK outputs become an abnormal state.
Register Definitions
Addr 00H Register Name Power Down Control RESET D7 0 0 D6 0 0 D5 0 0 D4 0 0 D3 0 0 D2 PWVR 1 D1 PWAD 1 D0 PWDA 1
PWDA: DAC power down 0: Power down 1: Power up Only DAC section is powered down by "0" and then the AOUTs go Hi-Z immediately. The OATTs also go "00H". But the contents of all register are not initialized and enabled to write to the registers. After exiting the power down mode, the OATTs fade in the setting value of the control register (06H & 07H). The analog outputs should be muted externally as some pop noise may occur when entering to and exiting from this mode. PWAD: ADC power down 0: Power down 1: Power up Only ADC section is powered down by "0" and then the SDTO goes "L" immediately. The IPGAs also go "00H". But the contents of all register are not initialized and enabled to write to the registers. After exiting the power down mode, the IPGAs fade in the setting value of the control register (04H & 05H). At that time, ADCs output "0" during first 516 LRCK cycles. PWVR: Vref power down 0: Power down 1: Power up All sections are powered down by "0" and then both ADC and DAC do not operate. The contents of all register are not initialized and enabled to write to the registers. When PWAD and PWDA go "0" and PWVR goes "1", only VREF section can be powered up.
M0050-E-03 - 20 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Addr 01H
Register Name Reset Control RESET
D7 0 0
D6 0 0
D5 0 0
D4 0 0
D3 0 0
D2 0 0
D1 RSTAD 0
D0 RSTDA 0
RSTDA: DAC reset 0: Reset 1: Normal Operation The internal timing is reset by "0" and then the AOUTs go VCOM voltage immediately. The OATTs also go "00H". But the contents of all register are not initialized and enabled to write to the registers. After exiting the power down mode, the OATTs fade in the setting value of the control register (06H & 07H). The analog outputs should be muted externally as some pop noise may occur when entering to and exiting from this mode. RSTDA: ADC reset 0: Reset 1: Normal Operation The internal timing is reset by "0" and then SDTO goes "L" immediately. The IPGAs also go "00H". But the contents of all register are not initialized and enabled to write to the register. After exiting the power down mode, the IPGAs fade in the setting value of the control register (04H & 05H). At that time, ADCs output "0" during first 516 LRCK cycles.
Addr 02H Register Name Clock and Format Control RESET D7 DIF2 0 D6 DIF1 1 D5 DIF0 0 D4 CMODE 0 D3 CKS1 0 D2 CKS0 0 D1 DFS1 0 D0 DFS0 0
DFS1-0: Sampling Speed Control (see Table 2) Initial: Normal speed CMODE, CKS1-0: Master Clock Frequency Select (see Table 1) Initial: 256fs DIF2-0: Audio data interface modes (see Table 4) 000: Mode 0 001: Mode 1 010: Mode 2 011: Mode 3 100: Mode 4 Initial: 24bit MSB justified for both ADC and DAC
M0050-E-03 - 21 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Addr 03H
Register Name Deem and Volume Control RESET
D7 SMUTE 0
D6 0 0
D5 0 0
D4 ZCEI 1
D3 ZTM1 1
D2 ZTM0 0
D1 DEM1 0
D0 DEM0 1
DEM1-0: De-emphasis response (see Table 7) 00: 44.1kHz 01: OFF 10: 48kHz 11: 32kHz Initial: OFF ZTM1-0: Zero crossing time out period select (see Table 6) Initial: 1024fs ZCEI: ADC IPGA Zero crossing enable 0: Input PGA gain changes occur immediately 1: Input PGA gain changes occur only on zero-crossing or after timeout. Initial: 1 (Enable) SMUTE: DAC Input Soft Mute control 0: Normal operation 1: DAC outputs soft-muted The soft mute is independent of the output ATT and performed digitally.
Addr 04H 05H
Register Name Lch IPGA Control Rch IPGA Control RESET
D7 IPGL7 IPGR7 0
D6 IPGL6 IPGR6 1
D5 IPGL5 IPGR5 1
D4 IPGL4 IPGR4 1
D3 IPGL3 IPGR3 1
D2 IPGL2 IPGR2 1
D1 IPGL1 IPGR1 1
D0 IPGL0 IPGR0 1
IPGL/R7-0: ADC Input Gain Level Refer to Table 10 Initial: 7FH (0dB) Digital ATT with 128 levels operates when writing data of less than 7FH. This ATT is a linear ATT with 8032 levels internally and these levels are assigned to pseudo-log data with 128 levels. The transition between ATT values has 8032 levels and is done by soft changes. For example, when ATT changes from 127 to 126, the internal ATT value decreases from 8031 to 7775 one by one every fs cycles. It takes 8031 cycles (182ms@fs=44.1kHz) from 127 to 0 (Mute). The IPGAs are set to "00H" when PD pin goes "L". After returning to "H", the IPGAs fade in the initial value, "7FH" by 8031 cycles. The IPGAs are set to "00H" when PWAD goes "0". After returning to "1", the IPGAs fade in the current value. But the ADCs output "0" during first 516 cycles. The IPAGs are set to "00H" when RSTAD goes "0". After returning to "1", the IPGAs fade in the current value. But the ADCs output "0" during first 516 cycles.
M0050-E-03 - 22 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Data 255 - 165 164 163 162 : 130 129 128 127 126 125 : 112 111 110 : 96 95 94 : 80 79 78 : 64 63 62 : 48 47 46 : 32 31 30 : 16 15 14 : 5 4 3 2 1 0
Internal (DATT) 8031 7775 7519 : 4191 3999 3871 : 2079 1983 1919 : 1023 975 943 : 495 471 455 : 231 219 211 : 99 93 89 : 33 30 28 : 10 8 6 4 2 0
Gain (dB) +18 +18 +17.5 +17 : +1.0 +0.5 0 0 -0.28 -0.57 : -5.65 -6.06 -6.34 : -11.74 -12.15 -12.43 : -17.90 -18.32 -18.61 : -24.20 -24.64 -24.94 : -30.82 -31.29 -31.61 : -38.18 -38.73 -39.11 : -47.73 -48.55 -49.15 : -58.10 -60.03 -62.53 -66.05 -72.07 MUTE
Step width (dB) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.28 0.29 : 0.51 0.41 0.28 : 0.52 0.41 0.28 : 0.53 0.42 0.29 : 0.54 0.43 0.30 : 0.58 0.46 0.32 : 0.67 0.54 0.38 : 0.99 0.83 0.60 : 1.58 1.94 2.50 3.52 6.02
IPGA Analog volume with 0.5dB step
IATT External 128 levels are converted to internal 8032 linear levels of DATT. Internal DATT soft-changes between DATAs. DATT=2^m x (2 x l + 33) - 33 m: MSB 3-bits of data l: LSB 4-bits of data
Table 10. IPGA code table
M0050-E-03 - 23 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Addr 06H 07H
Register Name Lch OATT Control Rch OATT Control RESET
D7 0 0 0
D6 ATTL6 ATTR6 1
D5 ATTL5 ATTR5 1
D4 ATTL4 ATTR4 1
D3 ATTL3 ATTR3 1
D2 ATTL2 ATTR2 1
D1 ATTL1 ATTR1 1
D0 ATTL0 ATTR0 1
ATTL/R6-0: DAC ATT Level Refer to Table 11 Initial: 7FH (0dB) The AK4524 includes digital ATT with 128 levels equivalent to ADC's. The OATTs are set to "00H" when PD pin goes "L". After returning to "H", the OATTs fade in the initial value, "7FH" by 8031 cycles. The OATTs are set to "00H" when PWDA goes "0". After returning to "1", the OATTs fade in the current value. The OATTs are set to "00H" when RSTDA goes "0". Afer returning to "1", the OATTs fade in the current Value.
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 127 111 95 79
ATT (dB)
Step (dB)
2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 31 15
63
47
Input Data(Level)
Figure 9. ATT characteristics
M0050-E-03 - 24 -
Step(dB)
2004/01
ATT(dB)
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
Data 127 126 125 : 112 111 110 : 96 95 94 : 80 79 78 : 64 63 62 : 48 47 46 : 32 31 30 : 16 15 14 : 5 4 3 2 1 0
Internal (DATT) 8031 7775 7519 : 4191 3999 3871 : 2079 1983 1919 : 1023 975 943 : 495 471 455 : 231 219 211 : 99 93 89 : 33 30 28 : 10 8 6 4 2 0
Gain (dB) 0 -0.28 -0.57 : -5.65 -6.06 -6.34 : -11.74 -12.15 -12.43 : -17.90 -18.32 -18.61 : -24.20 -24.64 -24.94 : -30.82 -31.29 -31.61 : -38.18 -38.73 -39.11 : -47.73 -48.55 -49.15 : -58.10 -60.03 -62.53 -66.05 -72.07 MUTE
Step width (dB) 0.28 0.29 : 0.51 0.41 0.28 : 0.52 0.41 0.28 : 0.53 0.42 0.29 : 0.54 0.43 0.30 : 0.58 0.46 0.32 : 0.67 0.54 0.38 : 0.99 0.83 0.60 : 1.58 1.94 2.50 3.52 6.02
OATT External 128 levels are converted to internal 8032 linear levels of DATT. Internal DATT soft-changes between DATAs. DATT=2^m x (2 x l + 33) - 33 m: MSB 3-bits of data l: LSB 4-bits of data
Table 11. OATT code table
M0050-E-03 - 25 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
SYSTEM DESIGN
Figure 10 & Figure 11 show the system connection diagram. This is an example which the AK4524 operates at X'tal mode. In case of external clock mode, please refer to Figure 11. An evaluation board (AKD4524) is available which demonstrates application circuits, the optimum layout, power supply arrangements and measurement results.
4.75 5.25V Analog Supply 10u + 0.1u 10u + 1 2 3 4 0.1u 5 6 7 C 8 9 C VD 10 XTALE 11 LRCK 12 BICK Audio Controller 13 SDTO 14 SDTI PD CIF CS CCLK CDTI 19 18 17 16 15 Mode Setting XTO XTI CLKO M/ S 21 20 AGND VA TEST DGND VD 24 23 22 0.1u 0.1u 5 VCOM AINR AINL VREF AOUTR+ 28 AOUTRAOUTL+ AOUTL27 26 25 Rch LPF
Rch Out
Lch LPF
Lch Out
AK4524
VT
2.7 5.25V Digital Supply
Notes: - X'tal Oscillation circuit is specified from 11.2896MHz to 24.576MHz. - AGND and DGND of AK4524 should be distributed separately from the ground of external controller etc. - When AOUT+/- drives some capacitive load, some resistor should be added in series between AOUT+/- and capacitive load. - All input pins except pull-down pin (TEST) should not be left floating. Figure 10. Typical Connection Diagram (X'tal mode) X'tal Frequency 11.2896MHz, 12.288MHz 16.384MHz, 16.9344MHz, 18.432MHz 22.5792MHz, 24.576MHz C 33pF 15pF 10pF
Table 12. External capacitance example for X'tal (Please contact X'tal oscillator manufacturer)
M0050-E-03 - 26 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
4.75 5.25V Analog Supply 10u +
0.1u 10u + 1 2 3 4 VCOM AINR AINL VREF AGND VA TEST XTO XTI AOUTR+ 28 AOUTRAOUTL+ AOUTLDGND VD 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 Mode Setting 0.1u 0.1u Rch LPF
Rch Out
Lch LPF
Lch Out
0.1u 5 6 7 8 9 5
AK4524
VT CLKO M/ S PD CIF CS CCLK CDTI
2.7 5.25V Digital Supply
10 XTALE Audio Controller 11 LRCK 12 BICK 13 SDTO 14 SDTI
Figure 11. Typical Connection Diagram (EXT clock mode)
1. Grounding and Power Supply Decoupling
The AK4524 requires careful attention to power supply and grounding arrangements. VA and VD are usually supplied from analog supply in system. Alternatively if VA and VD are supplied separately, the power up sequence is taken care. VT is a power supply pin to interface with the external ICs and is supplied from digital supply in system. AGND and DGND of the AK4524 should be connected to analog ground plane. System analog ground and digital ground should be connected together near to where the supplies are brought onto the printed circuit board. Decoupling capacitors should be as near to the AK4524 as possible, with the small value ceramic capacitor being the nearest.
2. Voltage Reference
The differential voltage between VREF and AGND sets the analog input/output range. VREF pin is normally connected to VA with a 0.1uF ceramic capacitor. VCOM is a signal ground of this chip. An electrolytic capacitor 10uF parallel with a 0.1uF ceramic capacitor attached to VCOM pin eliminates the effects of high frequency noise. No load current may be drawn from VCOM pin. All signals, especially clocks, should be kept away from the VREF and VCOM pins in order to avoid unwanted coupling into the AK4524.
M0050-E-03 - 27 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
3. Analog Inputs
The IPGA inputs are single-ended and the input resistance 5k (min). The input signal range scales with the VREF voltage and nominally 0.58 x VREF Vpp centered in the internal common voltage (about VA/2). Usually the input signal is AC coupled with capacitor. The cut-off frequency is fc = (1/2RC). The AK4524 can accept input voltages from AGND to VA. The ADC output data format is 2's complement. The output code is 7FFFFFH(@24bit) for input above a positive full scale and 800000H(@24bit) for input below a negative fill scale. The ideal code is 000000H(@24bit) with no input signal. The DC offset including ADC own DC offset removed by the internal HPF. The AK4524 samples the analog inputs at 64fs. The digital filter rejects noise above the stopband except for multiples of 64fs. The AK4524 includes an anti-aliasing filter (RC filter) to attenuate a noise around 64fs.
4. Analog Outputs
The analog outputs are full differential outputs and nominally 0.54 x VREF Vpp centered in the internal common voltage (about VA/2). The differential outputs are summed externally, Vout = (AOUT+)-(AOUT-) between AOUT+ and AOUT-. If the summing gain is 1, the output range is 5.4Vpp (typ@VREF=5V). The bias voltage of the external summing circuit is supplied externally. The input data format is 2's complement. The output voltage is a positive full scale for 7FFFFFH(@24bit) and a negative full scale for 800000H(@24bit). The ideal AOUT is 0V for 000000H(@24bit). The internal switched-capacitor filter and the external LPF attenuate the noise generated by the delta-sigma modulator beyond the audio passband. Differential outputs can eliminate any DC offset on analog outputs without using capacitors. Figure 12 to Figure 14 show the example of external op-amp circuit summing the differential outputs.
4.7k AOUTR1 470p 4.7k
3300p 4.7k AOUT+ Vop 1k BIAS 0.1u 47u + 1k 4.7k 470p R1
Vop + Analog Out
When R1=200ohm fc=93.2kHz, Q=0.712, g=-0.1dB at 40kHz When R1=180ohm fc=98.2kHz, Q=0.681, g=-0.2dB at 40kHz
Figure 12. External 2nd order LPF Example (using single supply op-amp)
M0050-E-03 - 28 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
4.7k AOUT-
4.7k 470p
R1
3300p 4.7k AOUT+ 4.7k 470p R1
+Vop + -Vop Analog Out
When R1=200ohm fc=93.2kHz, Q=0.712, g=-0.1dB at 40kHz When R1=180ohm fc=98.2kHz, Q=0.681, g=-0.2dB at 40kHz
Figure 13. External 2nd order LPF Example (using dual supply op-amp)
180p
4.7k AOUT-
4.7k
+Vop 4.7k AOUT+ 4.7k 180p + -Vop fc=188kHz Analog Out
Figure 14. External low cost 1st order LPF Example (using dual supply op-amp)
Peripheral I/F Example
The digital inputs of the AK4524 are TTL inputs and can accept the signal of device with a nominal 3V supply. The digital output can interface with the peripheral device with a nominal 3V supply when the VT supply operates at a nominal 3V supply.
5V Analog 3V Digital
Audio signal Analog Digital I/F DSP
AK4524
3 or 5V Digital
Control signal
uP & Others
Figure 15. Power supply connection example
M0050-E-03 - 29 -
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
PACKAGE
28pin VSOP (Unit: mm)
*9.80.2 0.675 28 15 A 7.60.2 +0.1 0.15-0.05 0.10.1 Detail A 0.50.2 1.0 Seating Plane | 0.10 NOTE: Dimension "*" does not include mold flash. 0-10 1.250.2
1 0.220.1
14 0.65
Package & Lead frame material
Package molding compound: Lead frame material: Lead frame surface treatment: Epoxy Cu Solder plate
M0050-E-03 - 30 -
*5.60.2
2004/01
ASAHI KASEI
[AK4524]
MARKING
AKM AK4524VF XXXBYYYYC
XXXBYYYYC: Date code identifier XXXB: Lot number (X: Digit number, B: Alpha character) YYYYC: Assembly date (Y: Digit number, C: Alpha character)
IMPORTANT NOTICE * These products and their specifications are subject to change without notice. Before considering any use or application, consult the Asahi Kasei Microsystems Co., Ltd. (AKM) sales office or authorized distributor concerning their current status. * AKM assumes no liability for infringement of any patent, intellectual property, or other right in the application or use of any information contained herein. * Any export of these products, or devices or systems containing them, may require an export license or other official approval under the law and regulations of the country of export pertaining to customs and tariffs, currency exchange, or strategic materials. * AKM products are neither intended nor authorized for use as critical components in any safety, life support, or other hazard related device or system, and AKM assumes no responsibility relating to any such use, except with the express written consent of the Representative Director of AKM. As used here: a. A hazard related device or system is one designed or intended for life support or maintenance of safety or for applications in medicine, aerospace, nuclear energy, or other fields, in which its failure to function or perform may reasonably be expected to result in loss of life or in significant injury or damage to person or property. b. A critical component is one whose failure to function or perform may reasonably be expected to result, whether directly or indirectly, in the loss of the safety or effectiveness of the device or system containing it, and which must therefore meet very high standards of performance and reliability. * It is the responsibility of the buyer or distributor of an AKM product who distributes, disposes of, or otherwise places the product with a third party to notify that party in advance of the above content and conditions, and the buyer or distributor agrees to assume any and all responsibility and liability for and hold AKM harmless from any and all claims arising from the use of said product in the absence of such notification.
M0050-E-03 - 31 -
2004/01

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